Allergies are a commonly occurring overreaction of the immune system to typically harmless and non-infectious particles outside the body that are either breathed or taken in or that the skin came in contact with. Antigens that induce allergic responses are referred to as allergens. Examples of allergens include pollen, foods, animal dander, bee stings, or drugs, lotions, and latex. In allergy patients, exposure to these allergens elicits undesirable and adverse immune responses against the allergens which cause tissue damage and diseases, such as hay fever, allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, and in severe cases anaphylaxis. Allergies are a form of hypersensitivity and are considered an autoimmune disease. Allergies are most commonly mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and occur immediately (within minutes) after exposure to the allergens.
Within minutes after the second allergen exposure, IgE pre-bound to FcεR1 receptors on the mast-cell surface binds the allergen and triggers the allergic reaction via the degranulation of mast cells and mediator (histamine) release that causes the effects seen in an allergic reaction, such as allergic skin rash, sneezing, and swelling.
IgE-mediated allergies are tested with Radioallergosorbent testing (RAST). This method involves the incubation of the patient’s serum on a solid phase allergen and the allergen-specific IgEs are quantified with a secondary anti-IgE labelled detection antibody. Today, RAST testing is performed in-vitro.
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